Exodus 20 (Part 2): Ten Commandments
Spoken Gospel podcast with a photo of David and Seth

Exodus 20 (Part 2): Ten Commandments

About This Episode

In part 2 of the Ten Commandment conversation, Seth and David look at the "horizontal laws" about how we are to treat one another. How do these commands show us the character of God, find their fulfillment in Jesus, and show us a path to greater joy in obedience? All this and more is discussed on this episode on one of the most famous passages in the Bible.

Text Link

The Ten Commandments Are About Jesus: How God's Character Shapes His Commands (Exodus 20, Part 2)

Show Notes

David Bowden and Seth Stewart pick up where they left off in their walk through Exodus 20, turning their attention to the final six of the Ten Commandments—the commands traditionally understood as governing relationships between people. But the driving argument of this episode is that even these "horizontal" commands are ultimately vertical. Every commandment reflects the character of God himself, and every commandment finds its surprising fulfillment in Jesus.

Commands Come from Character

The episode opens with a foundational claim: the reason these moral commands exist is not because God arbitrarily decreed them, nor because he discovered some pre-existing moral code and passed it along. Rather, God commands what he commands because he is what he commands. He demands we not murder because he is the giver of life. He demands faithfulness because he is eternally faithful. This reframes the ancient philosophical puzzle known as the Euthyphro dilemma—is something good because God says so, or does God say it because it's good? The answer Scripture offers is a third option: God commands it because he embodies it. His commands flow from his character.

This means the first question to ask when reading the Ten Commandments is not "How could I ever do that?" but "How is God like that?" The commands are an invitation to step into the character of God himself. Leviticus will later say it explicitly: "Be holy as I am holy." And this is not a burden—it is a restoration. Back in the Garden of Eden, the serpent lied and said disobedience would make humanity "like God." But God is now saying the opposite: obedience is the actual path to being like him. The Ten Commandments, then, are God's strategy to reverse the curse that came through the serpent's deception in Genesis 3. The Torah is the fulfillment of what the Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil was always pointing toward—dependence on God to define good and evil, rather than seizing that knowledge autonomously.

Honor Your Father and Mother: The Trinity Reflected in Family

The command to honor father and mother reflects something deep within God's own nature—the eternal relationship between the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. Within the Trinity, there is a ceaseless, self-giving love. The Father pours himself out toward the Son and the Holy Spirit. The Son pours himself out toward the Father and the Holy Spirit. And the Holy Spirit does the same. No one ever loses anything in this exchange, because the love is perfect, and the three persons exist as one God. This mutual honor and self-giving within the Trinity is what the command to honor father and mother is designed to reflect in human relationships.

This command was originally spoken to adults, not children. In the ancient world, it especially addressed the responsibility of grown sons and daughters to care for aging parents—not to ship them off, but to bring them into your home and provide for them. Just as God's love within the Trinity never exhausts itself or expires at a certain point in time, human responsibility toward parents does not end when you leave the house.

Jesus fulfills this command both eternally and on the ground. In the Gospel of John, Jesus repeatedly says things like "I only do what I see my Father doing" and "If you've seen me, you've seen the Father" (John 14:9). His relationship with his heavenly Father is one of perfect honor and submission. But he also models it in his earthly life—presumably working in the family business after Joseph's death, and even from the cross, ensuring his mother Mary would be cared for by entrusting her to John (John 19:26-27). In his dying act of redemption, Jesus is still providing family for those who are losing it.

This opens a deeply pastoral word for anyone who has suffered the loss of family or who has an absent or abusive father. Jesus is not commanding anyone to submit to abuse. But through the Gospel, God provides what broken families cannot. Jesus himself expanded the meaning of family when he said, "Who is my mother? Those who do the will of my Father in heaven" (Matthew 12:48-50). And he promised that no one who has lost family for the sake of the Kingdom will fail to receive a hundredfold in return (Mark 10:29-30). The church becomes the family that God provides—spiritual mothers, fathers, brothers, and sisters for those who have none.

You Shall Not Murder: God Is Life

The prohibition against murder is rooted in the fact that God is life. He spoke creation into existence. He breathed into the first human and made him a living being (Genesis 2:7). Human beings are made in God's image, which is precisely why the first prohibition against murder appears after the flood in God's covenant with Noah—"Do not murder, because mankind is made in my image" (Genesis 9:6). To murder is to mar the image of God in another person.

But Jesus intensifies this command in the Sermon on the Mount. He says, "You have heard it said, 'Do not murder.' But I tell you, don't even be angry with your brother" (Matthew 5:21-22). This reveals that the commands were never merely about external actions. God is not interested in behavior modification. He wants the heart. As Deuteronomy later explains, the reason Israel could not obey these commands was that God had not yet circumcised their hearts. Every murder begins long before the act itself—in bitterness, hatred, and rage. If the commands reflect God's character, then God does not merely want hands that refrain from violence; he wants hearts that are genuinely life-giving.

Jesus fulfills this command in the most stunning reversal imaginable. He is the ultimate murdered one—killed by angry, murderous people—and yet through his death, he gives eternal life to his very killers. His death on the cross disarms the spiritual powers and authorities that had enslaved human hearts and made it impossible to do anything but rebel (Colossians 2:15). Through the Holy Spirit's work of circumcising the heart, those who trust Jesus are now empowered not only to refrain from murder, but to love their enemies—which is exactly what Jesus commands in the Sermon on the Mount (Matthew 5:44).

You Shall Not Commit Adultery: God Is Faithful

The command against adultery goes back to the covenant of marriage God established in the Garden of Eden—"the man shall leave his father and mother, hold fast to his wife, and the two shall become one flesh" (Genesis 2:24). That God devoted one of only ten commands to protecting this covenant shows how deeply he values it. And the reason he values it is that marriage reflects something true about who he is. Within the eternal Trinity, there has never been a breach of covenant. The Father, Son, and Holy Spirit have never "adultered" their perfect union. And every time God makes a covenant with his people—through Abraham, through Noah, through Moses—he keeps it. He never walks back his promises. He never looks over his shoulder for a better people to choose.

This is the portrait of God that emerges when you read "You shall not commit adultery." God is not an adulterer. He will not walk out on you, stop loving you, or break his promises. He demonstrated this dramatically through the prophet Hosea, whom he commanded to marry a prostitute as a living picture of God's relentless faithfulness to an unfaithful people (Hosea 1-3). Jesus intensifies this command in the Sermon on the Mount by revealing that adultery is not merely a physical act but a condition of the heart—lustful desire itself is a violation of this command (Matthew 5:27-28). The observation is made that ancient kings like Solomon and Xerxes needed wealth to maintain harems of women, but modern technology has democratized that same disobedience. The human heart has not evolved; only the means of indulging it have changed.

Jesus fulfills this command as the faithful bridegroom. His first miracle was at a wedding (John 2:1-11). He calls the church his bride. He pursues the adulterous woman at the well in John 4, telling her the truth about her life while simultaneously offering grace—"You are precisely the type of people I make covenants with." And the ultimate proof of his faithfulness is the cross. How do you know God will not divorce you? Because he would rather die. And he did.

You Shall Not Steal and You Shall Not Bear False Witness

The command against stealing is rooted in God's ownership of all things. God cannot steal because everything already belongs to him. He created it, he sustains it, and he has entrusted portions of it to human stewards. To steal is to forget that God owns everything—and that he is a generous provider who gives freely to those who ask. Stealing is ultimately an act of self-provision, a refusal to depend on God, which circles back to the first commandment and to Eve at the tree, grasping for herself what God had not given her. The corrective, then, is prayer. "Ask, don't steal" is the heart of this command. The Sermon on the Mount's teaching on anxiety—"Don't worry about what you will eat or wear" (Matthew 6:25-34)—and its teaching on prayer—"Ask, and it will be given to you" (Matthew 7:7)—may well be Jesus' reflection on the deeper meaning of "You shall not steal."

Jesus fulfills this by redeeming those who steal. Zacchaeus, the traitorous tax collector who had enriched himself at the expense of his own people, encountered Jesus and immediately gave back four times what he had stolen (Luke 19:1-10). When you come into contact with the one who owns all things and gives freely, you realize you can give generously—not only returning what you took, but releasing what you once thought was rightfully yours.

The command against bearing false witness reflects the fact that God is truth. Scripture tells us God cannot lie (Titus 1:2). He is bound by his own character to always tell the truth. So when Jesus says "It is finished," it is finished. When he promises "I will never leave you or forsake you," he is not lying. Jesus intensifies this command in the Sermon on the Mount by dismantling the elaborate system of oath-swearing that had developed—people would swear by the temple, by heaven, by Jerusalem, by their own heads, layering guarantees on top of guarantees. Jesus sweeps it all away: "Let your yes be yes and your no be no" (Matthew 5:33-37). All truth belongs to God. You cannot make something more true by appealing to another authority.

The fulfillment in Jesus is breathtaking when seen through the lens of his trial. At his trial before the Sanhedrin, false witnesses lined up to testify against him (Mark 14:56-59). Everyone bore false witness against Jesus. Yet when he stands before the Father as our advocate, he does not need to lie to justify us. He does not say, "He was a good person deep down." He says, "Look to me. I lived perfectly on his behalf. I bore all his punishment. That is the true witness I bear for this person—let him enter in." The one against whom all false witness was borne now bears true witness on behalf of the guilty.

You Shall Not Covet: The Root of All Disobedience

The final commandment—do not covet—stands apart from the others because it is the only one of the six that is exclusively a matter of the heart. You cannot see someone coveting. It is an invisible act of desire. And yet it is the root of every other commandment's violation. You dishonor your parents because you covet your autonomy. You murder because you covet a life without that person in it. You commit adultery because you covet someone else's spouse. You steal because you covet someone else's possessions. You lie because you covet a reputation you have not earned. The Apostle Paul recognized this when, in Romans 7:7, he used coveting as a placeholder for the entire law: "I would not have known what disobedience was unless the law said, 'You shall not covet.'"

The Ten Commandments are bookended by two commands that mirror each other. The first says, "Have no other gods before me." The tenth says, "Do not covet." Together they reveal that every act of disobedience is simultaneously a displacement of God from his throne and a covetous grasping in the human heart. This is exactly what happened at the Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil. Eve coveted the wisdom, power, and autonomy that belonged to God alone. She wanted to be God. And that covetous desire—what might be called self-salvation, the impulse to provide for yourself what only God can give—is the engine beneath every transgression.

Jesus fulfills this command through the great reversal described in Philippians 2:6-8. He was God himself, but he did not covet equality with God as something to be seized. Instead, he emptied himself, took on the likeness of humanity, and became obedient to death on a cross. Where Adam and Eve coveted the blessing and earned the curse, Jesus earned the blessing and did not covet it for himself—he gave it freely to us. He imputes his righteousness to those who trust him. The Ten Commandments, from first to last, point to Jesus: the one who perfectly embodies the character of God, who reverses the curse of the fall, and who gives away everything he earned so that the covetous, the liars, the thieves, the adulterers, and the murderers might enter the Kingdom of God.

Transcript

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